Document Type : Original Article
Authors
1
PhD Student, Department of Sport Injuries & Biomechanics, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
2
Department of biomechanic & Sport Injuries , Faculty of Sports and Health Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
3
Associate professor in Department of Sport Medicine, Sport Sciences Research Institute, Tehran, Iran.
4
Faculty of physical education and sport sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
APSS/apss.2026.2090701.1026
Abstract
This study investigated whether shoulder strength and range of motion (ROM) predict shoulder impingement syndrome in goalball athletes. In this cross-sectional study, 135 athletes (85 men, 50 women; mean age 29.0 ± 9.3 years) competing in the 2024 Iranian National Championships were evaluated. Internal and external rotation strength was measured using a handheld dynamometer, and internal rotation ROM was assessed with a goniometer. Impingement was diagnosed using the Hawkins and Jobe tests. Logistic regression examined associations between strength, ROM, and impingement, adjusting for gender, age, weight, and height. Only dominant shoulders were analyzed. Of 135 shoulders, 28 exhibited impingement. Gender significantly predicted impingement risk, with women having lower risk than men. Internal and external rotation strength showed non-significant trends, whereas internal rotation ROM, age, weight, and height were not significant predictors. Gender was the strongest predictor of impingement. Further research is needed to clarify the role of shoulder strength.
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