Document Type : Review Article
Author
sari street-mehmansara street
APSS/apss.2026.2085884.1021
Abstract
This review article examines emotional abuse in the coach–athlete relationship, a pervasive yet often underrecognized form of relational maltreatment in sport. Emotional abuse is characterized as a repetitive, non-contact pattern of intentional behaviors aimed at control, which harm the victim's emotional, cognitive, or physical well-being. It encompasses acts such as humiliation, belittling, yelling, threats, isolation, withholding attention or affection, inducing guilt, excessive criticism, and disregarding athletes' concerns or needs. In sport, these behaviors frequently manifest when coaches prioritize performance and winning above athlete well-being, normalizing pressure, “suffering,” and punitive practices as necessary for elite success. Common examples include verbal assaults on appearance or performance, threats of benching or reputational damage, and neglect of emotional support—often perceived by athletes as more damaging than overt anger or physical aggression due to its erosion of self-esteem and relational security. Notably, intent to harm is not required for classification as abuse; behaviors need only be persistent and harmful over time. Many coaches remain unaware of the long-term consequences—such as diminished self-worth, fear, burnout, and eventual sport withdrawal—rationalizing their actions through moral disengagement mechanisms (e.g., goal justification, displacement of responsibility, or viewing practices as industry norms). Victims may similarly fail to recognize or report abuse due to power imbalances and fear of repercussions. The article underscores that psychological safety is essential for optimal athlete development and performance. It calls for greater awareness, education, and accountability to prevent the normalization of emotionally abusive coaching and to foster healthier, more ethical sport environments.
Keywords
Subjects
